A INFLUÊNCIA DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS E EXPRESSÕES FACIAIS NO SENSO DE JUSTIÇA DOS TOMADORES DE DECISÃO NAS ORGANIZAÇÕES
Palavras-chave:
Percepção de justiça, Tomada de decisão, Expressões faciais, Efeito haloResumo
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar como as características e expressões faciais dos indivíduos influenciam a percepção de justiça dos tomadores de decisão nas organizações. Para isso, foi feita uma replicação e adaptação das questões investigadas no estudo “Fairness as a Constraint on Profit Seeking” de Kahneman Knetsch e Thaler (1986). A base teórica abordou a racionalidade limitada na tomada de decisão, o impacto de heurísticas e vieses cognitivos (como o efeito halo), a percepção de justiça em decisões organizacionais e seu impacto no comportamento humano e as expressões faciais relacionadas ao efeito halo e à percepção de justiça. A metodologia consistiu em uma pesquisa descritiva, transversal e quantitativa, com dados coletados por questionários online aplicando o método de escolhas hipotéticas. Participaram 109 entrevistados e os dados foram analisados estatisticamente no MS Excel, utilizando o teste qui-quadrado. O efeito halo foi evidenciado na percepção de justiça em uma das quatro decisões analisadas. A adaptação dos testes de Kahneman, Knetsch e Thaler (1986) aos gatilhos baseados em expressões faciais de Radeke e Stahelski (2020) para o contexto organizacional contribuiu para a compreensão dos vieses no processo decisório.
Referências
Acevedo, R. A., Aponte, E., Harmath, P., & Mora Mora, J. (2021). Rational irrationality: A two stage decision making model. Journal of Advances in Decision Science, 25(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.47654/v25y2021i1p1-39
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60108-2
Aoki, R., & Akai, K. (2022). Hypothetical bias in decision-making experiments: A review. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 35(2), 123-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261369
Araújo, Liliane C. S. (2024). Efeito Enquadramento em Decisões Administrativas. Dissertação (Mestrado em Administração) – PPGA, Universidade Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte. Disponível em: https://sig.cefetmg.br/sigaa/public/programa/defesas.jsf?lc=pt_BR&id=514. Acesso em: 23 jun. 2024.
Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. The journal of abnormal and social psychology, 41(3), 258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055756
Avelino-Silva, M., Trujillo, K., & Udeh-Momoh, C. (2023). Fairness and justice: Concepts and applications in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44 (2), 105-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1241125
Aysel, Y., Salih, G., & Erginbay, U. (2023). Justice organizational effect on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 45(2), 231-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2023.1665
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (2008). The paradox of subjective aging. Annual Review of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 12(1), 103-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00062.x
Bar, M., Neta, M., & Linz, H. (2006). Very first impressions. Nature Neuroscience, 9(7), 916-917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.269
Beitler, L. A., Scherer, L. L., & Zapf, D. (2018). Emotional intelligence and conflict management. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(7), 533-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386618808346
Biernat, M., & Kobrynowicz, D. (1997). Gender and race-based standards of competence: Lower minimum standards but higher ability standards for devalued groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 544-557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.544
Biçer, H. (2022). Recruitment and selection in the context of halo effects. Journal of Human Resources, 45(2), 112-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1074425
Bleidorn, W., et al. (2013). Age differences in personality traits. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 105(2), 331-347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015434
Bostyn, D. H., Sevenhant, S., & Roets, A. (2018). Of mice, men, and trolleys: Hypothetical judgment versus real-life behavior in trolley-style moral dilemmas. Psychological Science, 29(7), 1084-1093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617752640
Calancea, M. (2019). Ethical leadership and its impact on organizational trust. Ethics in Progress, 10(2), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18662/jess.19
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3), 425-445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425
Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., Mohler, C. J., & Schminke, M. (2007). The justice motive: Why do people care about fairness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92 (2), 276-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2007.27895338
Demir, F., & Eyerci, E. (2023). Cognitive neglect and its role in decision-making efficiency. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 35 (4), 202-219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1262353
Dion, K. K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 24(3), 285-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033731
Eagly, A. H., et al. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but... Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 109-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109
Evans, A. M., & Brandt, M. J. (2019). Judgments of others' moral character are influenced by their choices in classic economic games. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(5), 1021-1038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618815482
Feingold, A. (1992). Good-looking people are not what we think. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 304-341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.304
Flechsenhar, A. F., Levine, L. M., & Bertsch, S. (2022). Negative facial expressions and the horn effect: The power of a frown. Emotion Review, 14(3), 174-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.967800
Gabrieli, F., Lim, Y., & Esposito, M. (2021). Social perception and the influence of facial attributes. Psychological Studies, 36(1), 85-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256364
Gao, J. (2020). P-values–a chronic conundrum. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20, 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01051-6
Gillespie, N., & Dietz, G. (2009). Trust repair after an organization-level failure. Academy of Management Review, 34(1), 127-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.35713319
Goel, A. (2022). The influence of facial symmetry on perceptions of attractiveness. Journal of Aesthetic Science, 32(4), 455-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2023.v08i01.015
Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16 (2), 399-432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600208
Haghani, M., Bliemer, M. C., Rose, J. M., Oppewal, H., & Lancsar, E. (2021). Hypothetical bias in stated choice experiments: Part I. Integrative synthesis of empirical evidence and conceptualisation of external validity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.02940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocm.2021.100309
Harley, A. E., et al. (2019). Affective forecasting errors and leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 30(6), 101313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2019.1587297
Jaeger, S. R., Paolacci, G., & Boegershausen, J. (2022). Ethical perceptions of attractive individuals. Journal of Business Ethics, 172(3), 441-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5uz8g
Jamnik, R. (2022). The concept of honesty in Rawls’ theory of justice. Philosophy & Social Ethics, 18(2), 101-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4335/20.3.641-665(2022)
Kaderabek, S., & Sinibaldi, J. (2022). Hypothetical and real decision-making biases: Implications for behavioral economics. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 190, 45-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29115/SP-2022-0010
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814417358_0006
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1986). Fairness as a constraint on profit seeking: Entitlements in the market. The American Economic Review, 76 (4), 728-741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829118-011
Karademir, S., & Tutar, H. (2024). Managerial decision-making and the influence of subconscious desires. Journal of Management, 89(1), 145-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.1178446
Khalid, M. (2023). Decision-making under uncertainty: A review. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32 (1), 98-111. DOI: https://eprajournals.com/IJHS/article/10965
Kordsmeyer, T., et al. (2022). Physical attractiveness, health, and dominance in face perception: A cross-cultural study. Personality and Individual Differences, 180, 110915. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/j23ny
Mabhiza, T., & Bell, R. (2021). The role of halo effect in organizational productivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(2), 152-169.
Murphy, K. R., Jako, R. A., & Anhalt, R. L. (1993). Nature and consequences of halo error: A critical analysis. Journal of Applied psychology, 78(2), 218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.218
Oh, D., Meyer, M. L., & Norman, G. (2023). Perceptions of facial attractiveness and its impact on workplace decision-making. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44 (5), 850-870. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03010066231178489
Olanusi, A., & Samuel, K. (2023). Quantitative analysis of justice perceptions using chi-square. International Journal of Applied Statistics, 11(2), 75-92. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7646
Ornellas, A. L. M. B., Barros, D. C. C., de Castro, C. C., & Araújo, U. P. (2023). Aplicação da técnica de vinheta em estudos sobre processos decisórios Application of the vignette technique in studies on decision-making processes. Revista Capital Científico-Eletrônica (RCC?)-ISSN 2177-4153, 21(1), 77-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/2177-4153.20230005
Radeke, M., & Stahelski, A. (2020). Altering age and gender stereotypes by creating the halo and horns effects with facial expressions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50 (3), 225-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0504-6
Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.
Reddy, V. (2023). Exploring statistical tools in social science research: A focus on chi-square test. Journal of Social Science Methodology, 24(1), 50-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56557/jogee/2023/v17i18020
Saragih, J. (2023). Attractiveness and halo bias: Impacts on judgment and behavior. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23(1), 124-139. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30596%2Finteraksi.v7i1.12320
Schmidt, R., Kaiser, A., & Retelsdorf, J. (2023). Halo effects in educational contexts. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 62, 102023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2023.2194593
Sindakis, S., & Agarwal, S. (2022). Smile dynamics: Facial expressions and the halo effect. Emotion Cognition, 12(1), 33-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800377486.halo.effect.cognitivebias
Simon, H. A. (1947). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization. Free Press.
Simon, H. A. (2013). Administrative behavior. 4th ed. Free Press.
Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error in psychological ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(1), 25-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0071663
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
Van Prooijen, J. W. (2013). Individualistic and social motives in justice judgments: Concerns about moral integrity or social power? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(6), 729-740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12143
Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological Science, 17(7), 592-598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x
Yusuf, F., Martins, J. M., & Swanson, D. A. (2014). Methods of demographic analysis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6784-3
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Montepare, J. M. (2008). Social psychological face perception: Why appearance matters. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(3), 1497-1517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00084.x
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Declaro que o presente artigo é original, não tendo sido submetido à publicação em qualquer outro periódico nacional ou internacional, quer seja em parte ou em sua totalidade.
- Declaro, ainda, que uma vez publicado na revista Pretexto, editada pela Universidade Fumec, o mesmo jamais será submetido por mim ou por qualquer um dos demais co-autores, caso haja, a qualquer outro periódico.
- Por meio deste instrumento, em meu nome e em nome dos demais co-autores, porventura existentes, cedo os direitos autorais do referido artigo à Universidade Fumec e declaro estar ciente de que a não observância deste compromisso submeterá o infrator a sanções e penas previstas na Lei de Proteção de Direitos Autorias (Nº9609, de 19/02/98).
A Revista Pretexto é licenciada sob uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivados 3.0 Brasil.
